Progress of injection sites of local infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress of injection sites of local infiltration analgesia (LIA) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#The relevant domestic and foreign literature in recent years was extensively reviewed. The neuroanatomy of the knee, and the research progress of the selection and the difference of effectiveness between different injection sites of LIA in clinical studies were summarized.@*RESULTS@#Large concentrations of nociceptors are present throughout the various tissues of the knee joint. Patellar tendon, subpatellar fat pad, lateral collateral ligament insertions, iliotibial band insertions, suprapatellar capsule, and posterior capsule were more sensitive to pain. Most current studies support injections into the lateral capsule, collateral ligament, retinaculum, quadriceps tendon, fat pad, and subcutaneous tissue. Whether to inject into the back of the knee and subperiosteum is controversial.@*CONCLUSION@#The relative difference of knee tissue sensitivity to pain has guiding significance for the selection of LIA injection site after TKA. Although researchers have conducted clinical trials on injection site and technique of LIA in TKA, there are certain limitations. The optimal scheme has not been determined yet, and further studies are needed.

Comparison between somatostatin analog injections

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Long-acting depot formulations of somatostatin analogs, i.e., octreotide and lanreotide, are the first-line medical therapies for patients with acromegaly to whom surgery/radiotherapy cannot be performed or who have inadequate response. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the short-term local and systemic adverse reactions developed after the somatostatin analogs injections in the patients with acromegaly, in order to compare the side effects of somatostatin analogs injections. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with acromegaly who were referred to our endocrinology clinic for monthly somatostatin analogs injections were questionnaired. Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale was used to evaluate the injection-site pain at the time of injection. The existence of leg pain, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain following the previous injection was also investigated during the next injection. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients were included in the study. The statistical difference could not be shown between the injection-site pain, anorexia, and leg pain frequencies of the groups, while the frequency of gastrointestinal disturbances, i.e., diarrhea and abdominal pain, was significantly lower in the octreotide group (p<0.001 and p=0.015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study that compared the severity of the injection-site pain by using a scoring scale, following the long-acting somatostatin analogs injections. We have shown that there was no significant association of the injection-site pain severity with the somatostatin analogs regimen nor the dose differences within each somatostatin analogs treatment.

Intramuscular injection safety without aspiration in the ventro-gluteal region during vaccination: randomized clinical trial / Seguridad de la inyección intramuscular sin aspiración en la región ventroglútea durante la vacunación: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Segurança da injeção intramuscular sem aspiração na região ventro-glútea durante a vacinação: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare adverse events after administrating hepatitis A vaccine intramuscularly in the ventro-gluteal region between techniques with and without aspiration. Methods: randomized double-blind clinical trial, using hepatitis A vaccine (inactivated) in the ventro-gluteal region, with a sample of 74 participants in the intervention group, vaccinated with the slow injection technique without aspiration, and 74 participants in the control group undergoing slow injection with aspiration. Daily assessment of participants was carried out in the 72 hours after vaccination, in order to ascertain local, systemic adverse events, local and contralateral temperatures. Results: the occurrence of local and systemic adverse events was homogeneous between the groups in the three days after vaccination (p>0.05). There was no influence of sex, race, pre-existing disease and use of medication. Conclusions: the intramuscular vaccination technique without aspiration in the ventro-gluteal region is safe for adverse events following immunization compared to the conventional technique with aspiration.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comparar eventos adversos después de la administración de la vacuna contra la hepatitis A por vía intramuscular en la región ventroglútea entre técnicas con y sin aspiración. Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble ciego utilizando la vacuna Hepatitis A (inactivada) en la región ventroglútea, con una muestra de 74 participantes en el grupo de intervención, vacunados con la técnica de inyección lenta sin aspiración, y 74 participantes del grupo control sometidos a inyección con aspiración. La evaluación diaria de los participantes se llevó a cabo en las 72 horas posteriores a la vacunación, con el fin de conocer los eventos adversos locales, sistémicos, las temperaturas locales y contralaterales. Resultados: la ocurrencia de eventos adversos locales y sistémicos fue homogénea entre los grupos en los tres días posteriores a la vacunación (p>0.05). No hubo influencia de las variables sexo, raza, enfermedad preexistente y uso de medicación. Conclusión: la técnica de vacunación intramuscular sin aspiración en la región ventroglútea es segura para eventos adversos después de la vacunación en comparación con la técnica convencional con aspiración.

RESUMO Objetivos: comparar os eventos adversos após a administração da vacina hepatite A via intramuscular na região ventro-glútea entre as técnicas com e sem aspiração. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego, utilizando a vacina hepatite A (inativada) na região ventro-glútea, com amostra de 74 participantes no grupo intervenção, vacinados com a técnica de injeção lenta sem aspiração, e 74 participantes no grupo controle submetidos à injeção lenta com aspiração. Foi realizada avaliação diária dos participantes nas 72 horas pós-vacinação, com intuito de averiguar eventos adversos locais, sistêmicos, temperaturas locais e contralaterais. Resultados: a ocorrência de eventos adversos locais e sistêmicos foi homogênea entre os grupos nos três dias pós-vacinação (p>0,05). Não houve influência das variáveis sexo, raça, doença pré-existente e uso de medicamento. Conclusões: a técnica de vacinação intramuscular sem aspiração na região ventro-glútea é segura quanto aos eventos adversos pós-vacinação em comparação à técnica convencional com aspiração.

Surveillance of adverse events associated with 145 000 doses of COVID-19 vaccines in a Brazilian municipality / Vigilancia de eventos adversos asociados a 145 000 dosis de vacunas contra la COVID-19 en un municipio brasileño / Vigilância de eventos adversos associados a 145 mil doses de vacinas contra a COVID-19 em um município brasileiro

ABSTRACT There is a lack of real-world surveillance studies on reports of adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccination, as well as comparative analyses of adverse events from vaccines with different platforms. This observational, descriptive, retrospective study based on secondary data describes the adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) related to the first 145 000 doses of COVID-19 vaccines delivered in Aracaju municipality, Sergipe state, northeast Brazil. Records of AEFIs were collected using the e-SUS Notifica database for January 19 to April 30, 2021. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for AEFIs and the type of COVID-19 vaccine, either CoronaVac (Sinovac-Butantan) or Oxford-AstraZeneca (Fiocruz). A total of 474 AEFIs (32.7 events/10 000 doses) from 254 individuals were reported and analyzed, and all of them were classified as non-serious. There was an association between the use of the CoronaVac vaccine and headache (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.2), pain at the injection site (OR = 9.6; 95% CI: 3.9-23.8), lethargy (OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 1.8-14.8), fatigue (OR = 10.1; 95% CI: 2.4-42.3), diarrhea (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.5-12.5) and cold-like symptoms (OR = 8.0; 95% CI: 1.9-34.0). However, the proportion of individuals reporting fever was higher among those who received the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (OR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.5-6.4). This population-based observational study strengthens the evidence for the safety and tolerability of the CoronaVac and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines used against COVID-19.

RESUMEN Hay una carencia de estudios de vigilancia en el mundo real sobre la notificación de eventos adversos asociados a la vacunación contra la COVID-19, así como de análisis comparativos de los eventos adversos de vacunas con diferentes plataformas. En este estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo basado en datos secundarios se describen los eventos adversos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación o inmunización (ESAVI) relacionados con las primeras 145 000 dosis de vacunas contra la COVID-19 administradas en el municipio de Aracaju, estado de Sergipe, en la región Noreste de Brasil. Se recopilaron registros de los ESAVI del 19 de enero al 30 de abril del 2021 con la base de datos e-SUS Notifica. Se calcularon las razones de posibilidades (OR, por su sigla en inglés) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 % para los ESAVI y el tipo de vacuna contra la COVID-19 (CoronaVac [Sinovac-Butantan] o bien Oxford-AstraZeneca [Fiocruz]). Se notificaron y analizaron un total de 474 ESAVI (32,7 eventos/10 000 dosis) de 254 personas, y todos se clasificaron como no graves. Se encontró una relación entre el empleo de la vacuna CoronaVac y la cefalea (OR = 2,1; IC del 95 %: 1,4-3,2), dolor en el lugar de la inyección (OR = 9,6; IC del 95 %: 3,9-23,8), letargo (OR = 5,2; IC del 95 %: 1,8-14,8), cansancio (OR = 10,1; IC del 95 %: 2,4-42,3), diarrea (OR = 4,4; IC del 95 %: 1,5-12,5) y síntomas similares al resfriado (OR = 8,0; IC del 95 %: 1,9 a 34,0). Sin embargo, la proporción de pacientes que notificaron fiebre fue mayor entre los que recibieron la vacuna de Oxford-AstraZeneca (OR = 3,1; IC del 95 %: 1,5 a 6,4). Este estudio observacional poblacional refuerza la evidencia sobre la seguridad y tolerabilidad de las vacunas CoronaVac y Oxford-AstraZeneca empleadas contra la COVID-19.

RESUMO Faltam estudos de vigilância no mundo real sobre relatórios de eventos adversos associados à vacinação contra a COVID-19, bem como análises comparativas de eventos adversos decorrentes de vacinas com diferentes plataformas. Este estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo baseado em dados secundários descreve os eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) relacionados com as primeiras 145 mil doses de vacinas contra a COVID-19 entregues no município de Aracaju, capital do estado de Sergipe, na região Nordeste do Brasil. Os registros de EAPV foram coletados usando o sistema e-SUS Notifica com referência ao período de 19 de janeiro a 30 de abril de 2021. Razões de chances (odds ratios, ORs) e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% foram calculados para os EAPV e o tipo de vacina contra a COVID-19: CoronaVac (Sinovac-Butantan) ou Oxford-AstraZeneca (Fiocruz). Um total de 474 EAPV (32,7 eventos/10 mil doses) de 254 indivíduos foram relatados e analisados, e todos foram classificados como não graves. Houve uma associação entre o uso da vacina CoronaVac e cefaleia (OR = 2,1; IC 95%: 1,4-3,2), dor no local da injeção (OR = 9,6; IC 95%: 3,9-23,8), letargia (OR = 5,2; IC 95%: 1,8-14,8), cansaço (OR = 10,1; IC 95%: 2,4-42,3), diarreia (OR = 4,4; IC 95%: 1,5-12,5 e sintomas gripais (OR = 8,0; IC 95%: 1,9-34,0). Contudo, a proporção de indivíduos que relataram febre foi superior entre os que receberam a vacina Oxford-AstraZeneca (OR = 3,1; IC 95%: 1,5-6,4). Este estudo observacional de base populacional reforça as evidências da segurança e tolerabilidade das vacinas CoronaVac e Oxford-AstraZeneca usadas contra a COVID-19.

Assistência de Enfermagem aos pacientes com extravasamento de medicamentos antineoplásicos: revisão integrativa / Nursing care for patients with extravasation of antineoplastic drugs: an integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar as ações realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem no extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas. Método: revisão integrativa de artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, de 2015 a 2020.Resultados: foram identificadas 287 publicações, após a seleção e elegibilidade foram incluídos 5 artigos. Foram extraídas as recomendações gerais e específicas relacionadas ao extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas. Conclusão: O extravasamento é uma complicação grave durante o tratamento quimioterápico, que pode afetar sua continuidade. Entre as competências da enfermagem estão as ações de prevenção, identificação e o manejo deste evento adverso.

Objective: To identify the actions taken by the nursing team in the ex­travasation of antioneoplastic drugs. Method: integrative review of scientific articles published in national and international journals, from 2015 to 2020. Results: 287 publications were identified, after selection and eligibility 5 articles were included. The general and specific recommendations related to the extravasation of antineoplastic drugs were extracted. Conclusion: Extravasation is a serious complication during chemotherapy, which can affect its continuity. Among the skills of nursing are the actions of prevention, identification and management of this adverse event.

Recommendation of the best site based on the distribution pattern of extramuscular and intramusular nerves for gluteal muscle injection / Recomendación del mejor sitio para la inyección del músculo glúteo basado en el patrón de distribución de los nervios extramusculares e intramusculares

To reveal the extra- and intramuscular nerve distribution patterns of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, and to provide guidance for gluteal muscle injection in order to avoid nerve injury. Ten adult and 10 child cadavers were used. The superior and inferior gluteal nerves innervating the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus were dissected, exposed, and sutured in-situ on the muscle. The three gluteal muscles were removed, and the distribution patterns of the intramuscular nerves were revealed by modified Sihler's nerve staining. The nerve distribution pattern was returned to the corresponding position in the body, and the patterns in the four quadrants of the buttock were analyzed. There were 3-12 extramuscular nerve branches of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. After entering the muscle, these nerve branches arborized and anastomosed to form an arc-shaped, nerve-dense zone. The nerve distribution was most dense in the inferomedial region of the superolateral quadrant and the inferolateral region of the superomedial quadrant of the buttocks. The nerve distribution was relatively dense in the inferolateral region of the superolateral quadrant, and the medial region of the inferomedial quadrant. An arc-shaped, nerve-sparse zone in the superolateral and superomedial quadrants near the lower iliac crest accounted for about two-fifths of the two quadrants' limits. The arc-shaped, nerve-sparse zone in the superolateral quadrant is the preferred injection site, and the superomedial quadrant near the lower iliac crest is also recommended as a gluteal intramuscular injection region, free from nerve injury.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue revelar los patrones de distribución nerviosa extramusculat e intramuscular de los músculos glúteo máximo, medio y mínimo y proporcionar orientación para la inyección en la región glútea con el propósito de evitar lesiones nerviosas. Se utilizaron diez cadáveres adultos y diez niños. Los nervios glúteos superior e inferior que inervan a los músculos glúteo máximo, medio y mínimo fueron disecados, expuestos y suturados in situ en el músculo. Se extirparon los tres músculos glúteos y se revelaron los patrones de distribución de los nervios intramusculares mediante la tinción nerviosa de Sihler modificada. El patrón de distribución nerviosa se devolvió a la posición correspondiente en el cuerpo y se analizaron los patrones en los cuatro cuadrantes de la región glútea. Se encontraron 3 a 12 ramos nerviosos extramusculares de los músculos glúteo máximo, medio y mínimo. Después de ingresar al músculo, estas ramas nerviosas se arborizaron y anastomizaron para formar una zona densamente nerviosa en forma de arco. La distribución nerviosa fue de mayor densidad en la región inferomedial del cuadrante superolateral y en la región inferolateral del cuadrante superomedial de la región glútea. La distribución nerviosa era relativamente densa en la región inferolateral del cuadrante superolateral y en la región medial del cuadrante inferomedial. Una zona en forma de arco en los cuadrantes superolateral y superomedial y con escasa inervación, cerca de la cresta ilíaca representaba una parte de los límites de los dos cuadrantes. La zona de poca inervación en forma de arco en el cuadrante superolateral es el sitio de inyección preferido, y el cuadrante superomedial próximo a la cresta ilíaca también se recomienda como una región de inyección intramuscular glútea, libre de lesión nerviosa.

The effect of alteration map of insulin injection sites on insulin intensive therapy for type 2 diabetes / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the application of rotation map of insulin injection site in patients with type 2 diabetes in-sulin intensive therapy.Methods 240 patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized in the endocrinology department for insulin intensive therapy were enrolled in the study by random sampling method from February to September 2016.The patients were divided into ob-servation group and control group by random digit table, 120 cases in each group. The routine insulin injection method was used to guide the patients in the control group. The patients in the observation group were guided by the rotation map of insulin-injection sites during the hospital stay.In the three months and six months after discharge,the two groups were compared in terms of cutaneous reaction. Result The cutaneous reaction of the insulin injection site in the two groups was compared,showing that the incidences of cutaneous reaction in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group 3 months and 6 months after discharge(P<0.05). Conclusion The rotation map of insulin injection sites can prevent patients from repeatedly injecting insulin and thus reduce the incidence of cutaneous reaction.It is worthy of clinical application.

Feline injection site sarcoma: computed-tomographic density and assessment of tumor dimensions by different methods / Sarcoma de aplicação felino: avaliação da densidade tomográfica e das dimensões tumorais por diferentes métodos

Feline injection site sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm with digitiform projections into muscular planes that are ill recognized during physical examination and may compromise tumor margin demarcation. This study compared tumoral size of 32 cats measured by different methods, and evaluated the CT density of 10 tumoral tissues (Hounsfield unit) based on histograms. Tumor axes were measured by physical examination and CT images. Larger craniocaudal axis measurements were obtained following multiplanar reconstruction of pre- and post-contrast CT images (p=0.049 and p=0.041 respectively); dorsoventral axis measurements taken from post-contrast CT images were also larger (p=0.010). Tumor volume estimates increased following contrast-enhancement. Histograms tended to produce two peaks: one in the fat and another in the soft tissue attenuation range. Multiplanar reconstructed post-contrast CT images provided clearer definition of tumor margins and more judicious determination of tumor size. A tendency of common FISS attenuation profile could be described.(AU)

O sarcoma de aplicação felino (SAF) é uma neoplasia maligna que geralmente apresenta projeções digitiformes para planos musculares adjacentes, dificilmente reconhecidos ao exame físico, o que pode comprometer a real identificação das suas margens. Este estudo comparou as dimensões tumorais de 32 SAFs mensurados por diferentes métodos (exame físico e por imagens de tomografia computadorizada) e avaliou a densidade tomográfica em unidades Hounsfield de 10 dessas neoplasias, com base em histogramas. As medidas no eixo craniocaudal foram maiores quando obtidas após reconstrução multiplanar de imagens tomográficas, tanto na fases pré como após administração de meio de contraste (p=0,049 e p=0,041, respectivamente). As medições tomográficas no eixo dorsoventral obtidas na fase pós-contraste também foram maiores, quando comparadas com as imagens pré-contraste (p=0,010). Estimativas do volume tumoral foram maiores após a fase contrastada. Os histogramas das densidades tumorais tenderam a produzir dois picos: o primeiro no intervalo de valores de densidade gordura e o segundo no intervalo correspondente a tecidos moles. As imagens tomográficas pós-contraste com reconstrução multiplanar demarcaram com mais clareza as margens do tumor e definiram de forma mais criteriosa o seu tamanho. Uma tendência de perfil de atenuação comum para o SAF pôde ser descrita com esse estudo.(AU)

Injection site rotation status quo survey of self-injected insulin patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To describe the status quo of position rotation in self-injection of insulin, and explore its influencing factors, so as to provide the basis for regulating the rotation of injection. Methods A convenient sample of 176 patients coming from endocrinology in a third grade first-class hospital were surveyed by self-designed self-injection of insulin in patients with site rotation behavior questionnaire survey. Results 176 diabetics of their own insulin injection site rotation score was 12-27 (17.79 ± 2.81) points. The age, knowledge sources, the numbers of injection sites were mainly influence to insulin injection site rotation factor score. Conclusions Diabetics insulin injection site rotation behaviors is not standard, rotation of different parts is worrying. It is necessary to strengthen the education and guidance of the site rotation of the patients.

New Insulin Injection Recommendations / 임상당뇨병

Based on the 4th Injection Technique Questionnaire results, new insulin injection technique recommendations were announced at the Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy: Expert Recommendations (FITTER) workshop held in Rome, Italy, on October 23 and 24, 2015, in which 183 physicians, nurses, educators, and allied healthcare professionals from 54 countries attended. Through these new recommendations, we hope to identify and localize the new insulin injection technique recommendations that could be applicable in local clinical settings. It is recommended to use a pen needle with a wider inner diameter when its gauge remains the same. Also, recommended injection sites such as the abdomen, upper arms, thighs, and buttocks are well described based on anatomical landmarks. The insulin absorption rate is the fastest at the abdomen, upper arms, thighs and buttocks in the case of human insulin; however, there is no difference in absorption rate in the case of insulin analog, regardless of site selection. Also, air-shooting is not necessary if drops are observed as soon as the needle is attached to the pen. Diabetes educators should be familiar with new insulin injection technique recommendations, not only to keep themselves updated with new knowledge, but also so they can educate patients to assure patient safety and achieve better outcomes.

Development of a Checklist for the Detection of Lipohypertrophy at Insulin Injection Sites / 임상당뇨병

Lipohypertrophy refers to the phenomenon of subcutaneous fatty tissue becoming either softer or firmer than normal so that it becomes thickened. The presence of lipohypertrophy is associated with not rotating injection sites correctly, injecting into the same sites repeatedly, using smaller injection zones, and reusing needles. Injecting into lipohypertrophy sites can cause unexplained hypoglycemia because insulin absorption is delayed or erratic, thus potentially worsening glucose levels and even diabetes management. Therefore, developing a lipohypertrophy checklist for patients who inject insulin is necessary to detect lipohypertrophy as soon as possible in order to avoid repeatedly injecting into lipohypertrophy sites. A lipohypertrophy checklist will help patients maintain stable glucose levels by minimizing the risk of glycemic variability.

Inferior intravitreal injection site associated with a higher incidence of post-injection endophthalmitis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

?AlM:To determine whether inferior injections had a higher incidence of post-injection endophthalmitis than superior injections. The incidence of endophthalmitis is higher for inferior than superior trabeculectomy filtering blebs, possibly due to bacteria pooling in the inferior tear lake. ? METHODS: A practice - wide database of endophthalmitis cases identified 5 occurring during the two-year study period. A retrospective review of 8 672 injections in 1 121 eyes of 909 patients treated during the same two-year study period was performed in order to assess the injection site location. ?RESULTS: Five eyes developed presumed infectious endophthalmitis. Eighty percent of endophthalmitis cases were injected inferiorly, even though 84. 6% of the total cohort was injected superiorly. The odds ratio of infection associated with inferior injection location is 22. 1 (P=0. 006). ? CONCLUSlON: Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection is rare, occurring in only 0. 025% of injections overall. Avoiding intravitreal injections in the inferior quadrants may further reduce the rate of endophthalmitis.

Incidence of Injection Site Reactions Induced by Vinorelbine and Prevention with Hot Compresses / 医薬品情報学

<b>Objective: </b>Patients treated with vinorelbine(VNR)-containing chemotherapy often suffer from injection site reactions.  VNR is a moderate vesicant that is well known to cause local venous damage.  We conducted this study to identify clinical risk factors related to the incidence of injection site reactions caused by VNR, and whether applying a hot compress was effective for preventing such reactions.<br><b>Methods: </b>Medical records were retrospectively investigated for 48 patients treated with chemotherapy regimens containing VNR.  Injection site reactions were evaluated for every course and were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 4.0).  Gender, age, body mass index, chemotherapy regimen, dose of VNR, and volume of fluid for flushing the vein were assessed as clinical variables.  A hot compress was applied to the vein proximal to the injection site during VNR injection.<br><b>Results: </b>The injection site reactions occurred in 29 (60%) among 48 patients received intravenous VNR injection.  According to multivariate analysis, use of gemcitabine (GEM) in combination with VNR showed a significant independent correlation with an increased risk of injection site reactions (<i>p</i>=0.019).  When hot compress was applied to 21 patients, who experienced phlebitis of VNR, the injection site reaction was occurred to only three patients (<i>p</i><0.001).<br><b>Conclusion: </b>In this study, the risk factor of the injection site reaction by VNR seems to be combination of GEM.  Application of hot compresses was effective for preventing injection site reactions by VNR.

A Case of Spondylodiskitis Caused by Injection Site Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Infections of the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebrae may present with spondylitis, discitis and spondylodiscitis and are hematogenous origin in most cases. Potential sources of hematogenous infection are skin and soft tissue infection, genitourinary tract infection, infective endocarditis, intravenous drug abuse, respiratory tract infection and infected intravenous injection site. We have experienced a case of pyogenic spondylitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia with peripheral injection site infection. He was successfully treated with surgical debridement and antibiotics.

A Case of Spondylodiskitis Caused by Injection Site Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Infections of the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebrae may present with spondylitis, discitis and spondylodiscitis and are hematogenous origin in most cases. Potential sources of hematogenous infection are skin and soft tissue infection, genitourinary tract infection, infective endocarditis, intravenous drug abuse, respiratory tract infection and infected intravenous injection site. We have experienced a case of pyogenic spondylitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia with peripheral injection site infection. He was successfully treated with surgical debridement and antibiotics.

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Measurement Parameters and Hydrocephalus on the Pressure Volume Index

To study the effect of measurement parameters and hydrocephalus on the pressure volume index(PVI), PVI study was performed in 5 normal and 5 kaolin-induced hydrocephalic cats. The effects of injection volume, speed, laterality and influence of increased intracranial pressure(ICP) in normal and hydrocephalic cats on the PVI value were evaluated. The results were as follows; 1) Larger injection volume, increased ICP by continuous infusion, and presence of ventriculomegaly made the PVI value significantly higher(p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively). 2) Rapid injection made the PVI value significantly lower(p<0.01). 3) Increase of ICP accentuated the effects of injection volume and speed significantly(p<0.01). 4) There was no difference between the PVI values measured with injection into the ipsilateral lateral ventricle and those measured with injection into the cantralateral lateral ventricle. 5) With the above results, it is considered advisable to perform the PVI study with constant injection volume, speed and ICP.

Primary Tuberculous Complex at the Site of Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection

No abstract available.